Offices need more than one copy of a document in a number of 
situations. Typically they need a copy of outgoing correspondence for their records. Sometimes they want to circulate copies of documents they create to several interested parties. They may need hundreds of copies of circulars and form letters. During the final quarter of the 19th century a host of competing technologies were introduced to meet such needs. Indeed, one article at the time was entitled “Still Another Letter-Copying Process.” (Manufacturer and Builder, Feb. 1880.) The technologies that were most commonly used in 1895 to make copies of outgoing letters and of circulars and form letters are identifiedin an 1895 description of the New York Business College’s course program: “All important letters or documents are copied in a letter-book or carbon copies[are] made, and instruction is also given in the use of the mimeograph and other labor-saving office devices.” (The Stenographer, July 1895, p. 6) At
Copying Clerks
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